Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770 - Revision history

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	The event has also been commemorated through photo-gravure reproductions		The event has also been commemorated through photo-gravure reproductions

			== References ==
			<references />

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On the night of March 5, 1770, a confrontation between [[British soldiers]] and a crowd of [[Boston]] colonists on King Street left five people dead and transformed a tense colonial dispute into a defining moment in the lead-up to the [[American Revolution]]. The event, remembered as the [[Boston Massacre]], became a powerful symbol of British oppression in the eyes of American colonists, and its legacy has shaped how [[Boston]] remembers its revolutionary past to this day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boston Massacre | History, Facts, Site, Deaths, & Trial |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Boston-Massacre |work=Britannica |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref>

== Background and Context ==

The roots of the Boston Massacre stretched back through years of escalating tension between the American colonies and [[Great Britain]]. A series of unpopular British policies and taxes had inflamed colonial sentiment well before the night of March 5, 1770.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Boston Massacre March 5, 1770 |url=https://bostonspice.com/pages/the-boston-massacre-march-5-1770?srsltid=AfmBOopPh6LJ1yiiwE_kDHgLiBcDA1xvGlkLXCq-NVAV-0bkDRM78zeW |work=bostonspice.com |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref> The British Parliament had imposed a succession of revenue measures on the colonies, including the [[Stamp Act]] and the [[Townshend Acts]], which taxed imported goods such as glass, paper, and tea. Colonists across Massachusetts and beyond resented what they viewed as taxation without representation, a principle they considered a fundamental violation of their rights as British subjects.

Boston, as among the most commercially active and politically vocal cities in colonial North America, became a focal point for resistance. Merchants organized boycotts of British goods, and popular unrest frequently boiled over into street confrontations and acts of defiance against royal authority. The arrival of British troops in Boston in 1768 was itself a response to growing disorder, but the soldiers' presence only deepened the animosity between the civilian population and the Crown. Redcoats quartered among Bostonians were resented by locals who saw them as instruments of oppression rather than keepers of the peace. Verbal harassment, brawls, and skirmishes between soldiers and townspeople became increasingly common in the months leading up to March 1770.

The atmosphere in Boston in the winter of 1769–1770 was one of barely contained hostility. Workers and laborers who competed with off-duty soldiers for jobs harbored particular grievances. Minor incidents repeatedly threatened to spiral into larger confrontations. When violence did finally erupt on King Street, it came against this backdrop of accumulated grievances and months of friction.

== The Night of March 5, 1770 ==

The events of March 5, 1770, began with a relatively minor altercation near the [[Old State House]] on King Street. A group of colonists began taunting a British sentry, and as word spread through the neighborhood, a larger and more volatile crowd assembled. The confrontation escalated rapidly as additional British soldiers arrived to support the sentry. The crowd, emboldened and angry, pressed forward, throwing ice, snowballs, and other objects at the soldiers while shouting insults and provocations.

The precise sequence of events leading to the soldiers opening fire has been disputed since the night it occurred. What is established is that shots were fired into the crowd, killing five colonists and wounding several others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Breaking Down Don Troiani's "The Boston Massacre ... |url=https://www.amrevmuseum.org/breaking-down-don-troiani-s-the-boston-massacre-march-5-1770-painting |work=Museum of the American Revolution |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref> The dead included [[Crispus Attucks]], a man of African and Native American descent who has since been recognized as the first person killed in the events leading to the American Revolution, along with Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, Samuel Maverick, and Patrick Carr. The chaotic scene on King Street lasted only minutes, but its consequences reverberated for years.

Whether the soldiers fired on order or in panic has remained a point of historical debate. The commanding officer, Captain [[Thomas Preston]], maintained that he gave no order to fire. Soldiers on the ground later testified to feeling threatened by the surging crowd. Colonists and their sympathizers, however, framed the killings as cold-blooded murder by an occupying military force. The competing narratives that emerged in the immediate aftermath would prove as consequential as the event itself.

== Propaganda and Public Reaction ==

The speed and skill with which Boston's patriot leaders transformed the killings into a powerful piece of political propaganda is a central part of the massacre's historical significance. [[Paul Revere]], the silversmith and patriot, produced an engraving depicting the scene on King Street that became among the most reproduced and influential images in early American political history. Revere's engraving portrayed the British soldiers firing in an organized, deliberate volley at a helpless crowd, an interpretation that served the patriot cause but differed considerably from the chaotic reality of the night.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Museum, a hidden gem |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2016/10/13/the-commonwealth-museum-hidden-gem/ZNBj3VEkRIJRoPFn0j2QiJ/story.html |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref>

Revere's original copper plate, upon which he engraved this iconic image, survives to this day and is preserved in the collections of the [[Commonwealth Museum]] in Boston. The plate stands as a direct physical connection to the propaganda effort that helped unite colonial opinion against British rule. Revere's image circulated widely through pamphlets and broadsides, shaping how colonists from Massachusetts to Georgia understood the killings on King Street.

The event was swiftly labeled a "massacre" by patriot leaders and writers, a characterization that effectively framed a street brawl as a deliberate act of military aggression. [[Samuel Adams]], the prominent Boston patriot and organizer, was among those who worked tirelessly to disseminate news of the killings and ensure that the most politically useful interpretation reached the broadest possible audience. Memorial orations were held annually on March 5 in the years that followed, keeping the memory of the event alive and reinforcing its emotional and political power.

The Boston Massacre contributed directly to growing colonial calls for resistance and, ultimately, independence from Britain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boston Massacre | History, Facts, Site, Deaths, & Trial |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Boston-Massacre |work=Britannica |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref> By casting British rule as inherently tyrannical and violent, patriot leaders used the event to build momentum for the revolutionary movement that would crystallize five years later.

== The Trial ==

Despite the intensity of public outrage, the soldiers involved in the shootings were brought to trial, and the legal proceedings that followed have themselves become a notable episode in American history. [[John Adams]], a Boston lawyer and future President of the United States, agreed to defend Captain Preston and the soldiers, an act he later described as among the most important services he rendered his country, on the grounds that every accused person deserved a fair legal defense.

Adams' defense was effective. Captain Preston was acquitted, as were most of the soldiers, on the grounds that the evidence did not prove they had acted with criminal intent. Two soldiers were convicted of manslaughter rather than murder and were punished with branding on their thumbs before being released. The verdicts outraged many Bostonians but also demonstrated that even in the charged atmosphere of colonial Massachusetts, the legal system could function with some measure of impartiality.

The trial added another layer of complexity to the massacre's legacy. For Adams and others who believed in the rule of law, the acquittals represented the integrity of legal principles. For those who viewed the killings through a purely political lens, the outcome felt like an injustice. Both perspectives have informed subsequent interpretations of the event.

== Artistic and Cultural Legacy ==

The Boston Massacre has inspired artistic representations across centuries, reflecting the event's enduring place in American cultural memory. Don Troiani, a painter celebrated for his historically detailed depictions of American military history, produced a major work titled ''The Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770'', which captures the chaotic scene on King Street with careful attention to the uniforms, weapons, and setting of the period.<ref>{{cite web |title=Breaking Down Don Troiani's "The Boston Massacre ... |url=https://www.amrevmuseum.org/breaking-down-don-troiani-s-the-boston-massacre-march-5-1770-painting |work=Museum of the American Revolution |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref> The [[Museum of the American Revolution]] has examined this painting in detail, analyzing how Troiani reconstructed the events based on historical sources and visual evidence, providing modern viewers with a vivid and informed rendering of a pivotal night.

The event has also been commemorated through photo-gravure reproductions of period engravings, including a notable version printed using the Ringler process that reproduced the original imagery of the massacre for a wider audience in later centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=BOOKS AND MEN. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1902/01/18/archives/books-and-men.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref> Such reproductions helped sustain the visual iconography of the massacre well beyond the revolutionary era, embedding it in American historical consciousness.

Paul Revere's original engraving remains the most famous artistic artifact associated with the event. Its survival on the original copper plate, now housed at the [[Commonwealth Museum]], allows historians and visitors to examine the physical object through which so much revolutionary sentiment was channeled and amplified.

== Historical Significance ==

The Boston Massacre occupies a specific and consequential place in the narrative of American independence. As a skirmish, it was modest in scale. As a political event, it was transformative. The killings provided patriots with vivid evidence to support their claims that British military occupation posed a direct threat to colonial lives and liberties, and the propaganda generated in the massacre's aftermath accelerated the breakdown of trust between the colonies and the Crown.

The event also illustrates the role that narrative and imagery play in shaping historical events. Paul Revere's engraving, widely distributed and emotionally powerful, did more than document what happened — it told colonists what to believe about it. The gap between the engraving's ordered, deliberate volley and the disordered reality of the street confrontation reflects how political necessity shaped the historical record from the very beginning.

Boston itself has preserved the memory of the massacre through monuments, museums, and annual commemorations. The site of the killings on what is now [[State Street]] is marked in the pavement with a ring of cobblestones near the [[Old State House]], drawing visitors who walk the [[Freedom Trail]] through the city's historic core. The massacre is woven into the fabric of Boston's identity as a city that played a central role in the founding of the United States.

== See Also ==
* [[Freedom Trail]]
* [[Old State House]]
* [[Paul Revere]]
* [[American Revolution]]
* [[Crispus Attucks]]

== References ==
<references />

{{#seo: |title=Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770 — History, Facts & Guide | boston.Wiki |description=The Boston Massacre of March 5, 1770 left five colonists dead and became a pivotal event in the lead-up to the American Revolution. |type=Article }}

[[Category:American Revolution in Boston]]
[[Category:Boston History]]
[[Category:Colonial Boston]]
[[Category:Revolutionary War Sites]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:45, 23 April 2026
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	On the night of March 5, 1770, a confrontation between [[British soldiers]] and a crowd of [[Boston]] colonists on King Street left five people dead and eight others wounded, transforming a tense colonial dispute into a defining moment in the lead-up to the [[American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Boston Massacre \| History, Facts, Site, Deaths, & Trial \|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Boston-Massacre \|work=Britannica \|access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref> The event, remembered as the [[Boston Massacre]], became a powerful symbol of British oppression in the eyes of American colonists, and its legacy has shaped how [[Boston]] remembers its revolutionary past to this day. The name "massacre" was itself a product of patriot propaganda — the killings were few in number but enormous in political consequence, and the imagery produced in their wake spread through the colonies with a speed and reach that amounted to ~~an eighteenth~~-~~century viral moment~~.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Boston Massacre: The 1770 "Viral" Moment That Lit the Fuse for the American Revolution \|url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/today-in-history/boston-massacre-march-5-1770-significance.html \|work=War History Online \|access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref>		On the night of March 5, 1770, a confrontation between [[British soldiers]] and a crowd of [[Boston]] colonists on King Street left five people dead and eight others wounded, transforming a tense colonial dispute into a defining moment in the lead-up to the [[American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Boston Massacre \| History, Facts, Site, Deaths, & Trial \|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Boston-Massacre \|work=Britannica \|access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref> The event, remembered as the [[Boston Massacre]], became a powerful symbol of British oppression in the eyes of American colonists, and its legacy has shaped how [[Boston]] remembers its revolutionary past to this day. The five colonists killed were [[Crispus Attucks]], Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, Samuel Maverick, and Patrick Carr — men whose names and backgrounds gave the patriot cause a broad and emotionally compelling cast of martyrs. The name "massacre" was itself a product of patriot propaganda — the killings were few in number but enormous in political consequence, and the imagery produced in their wake, most notably [[Paul Revere]]'s engraving of the scene, spread through the colonies with a speed and reach that amounted to a moment of rapid, colony-wide dissemination unlike anything previously seen in American political life.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Boston Massacre: The 1770 "Viral" Moment That Lit the Fuse for the American Revolution \|url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/today-in-history/boston-massacre-march-5-1770-significance.html \|work=War History Online \|access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref>

	== Background and Context ==		== Background and Context ==

	The roots of the Boston Massacre stretched back through years of escalating tension between the American colonies and [[Great Britain]]. A series of unpopular British policies and taxes had inflamed colonial sentiment well before the night of March 5, 1770.<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Boston Massacre March 5, 1770 \|url=https://bostonspice.com/pages/the-boston-massacre-march-5-1770 \|work=bostonspice.com \|access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref> The British Parliament had imposed a succession of revenue measures on the colonies, including the [[Stamp Act]] and the [[Townshend Acts]], which taxed imported goods such as glass, paper, and tea. Colonists across Massachusetts and beyond resented what they viewed as taxation without representation — a principle they considered a fundamental violation of their rights as British subjects.		The roots of the Boston Massacre stretched back through years of escalating tension between the American colonies and [[Great Britain]]. A series of unpopular British policies and taxes had inflamed colonial sentiment well before the night of March 5, 1770.<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Boston Massacre March 5, 1770 \|url=https://bostonspice.com/pages/the-boston-massacre-march-5-1770 \|work=bostonspice.com \|access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref> The British Parliament had imposed a succession of revenue measures on the colonies, including the [[Stamp Act]] of 1765 and the [[Townshend Acts]] of 1767, which taxed imported goods such as glass, paper, and tea. Colonists across Massachusetts and beyond resented what they viewed as taxation without representation — a principle they considered a fundamental violation of their rights as British subjects.

	Boston, as one of the most commercially active and politically vocal cities in colonial North America, became a focal point for resistance. Merchants organized boycotts of British goods, and popular unrest frequently boiled over into street confrontations and acts of defiance against royal authority. The arrival of British troops in Boston in 1768 was itself a response to growing disorder, but the soldiers' presence only deepened the animosity between the civilian population and the Crown. Redcoats stationed throughout Boston were resented by locals who saw them as instruments of oppression rather than keepers of the peace. Verbal harassment, brawls, and skirmishes between soldiers and townspeople became increasingly common in the months leading up to March 1770.		Boston, as one of the most commercially active and politically vocal cities in colonial North America, became a focal point for resistance. Merchants organized boycotts of British goods, and popular unrest frequently boiled over into street confrontations and acts of defiance against royal authority. The arrival of British troops in Boston in 1768 was itself a response to growing disorder, but the soldiers' presence only deepened the animosity between the civilian population and the Crown. Redcoats stationed throughout Boston were resented by locals who saw them as instruments of oppression rather than keepers of the peace. Verbal harassment, brawls, and skirmishes between soldiers and townspeople became increasingly common in the months leading up to March 1770.

	The atmosphere in Boston in the winter of 1769–1770 was one of barely-contained hostility. Workers and laborers who competed with off-duty soldiers for ~~jobs~~ harbored particular grievances. Tensions had already boiled over in the days immediately before March 5, when a brawl broke out between rope-walk workers and British soldiers seeking part-time employment — a clash that left both sides nursing injuries and deepening resentments. The 1768 [[Liberty affair]], in which customs officials seized the sloop ''Liberty'' belonging to merchant [[John Hancock]] and touched off riots in the streets, had further demonstrated how quickly economic grievances could turn violent. Minor incidents repeatedly threatened to spiral into larger confrontations. When violence did finally erupt on King Street, it came against this backdrop of accumulated grievances and months of friction.		The atmosphere in Boston in the winter of 1769–1770 was one of barely contained hostility. Workers and laborers who competed with off-duty soldiers for employment harbored particular grievances, as British troops — paid a regular wage by the Crown — were willing to accept lower rates for civilian work, undercutting the livelihoods of local craftsmen and dockworkers. Tensions had already boiled over in the days immediately before March 5, when a brawl broke out between rope-walk workers and British soldiers seeking part-time employment — a clash that left both sides nursing injuries and deepening resentments. The 1768 [[Liberty affair]], in which customs officials seized the sloop ''Liberty'' belonging to merchant [[John Hancock]] and touched off riots in the streets, had further demonstrated how quickly economic grievances could turn violent. Minor incidents repeatedly threatened to spiral into larger confrontations. When violence did finally erupt on King Street, it came against this backdrop of accumulated grievances and months of friction.

	== The Night of March 5, 1770 ==		== The Night of March 5, 1770 ==
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	The speed and skill with which Boston's patriot leaders transformed the killings into a powerful piece of political propaganda is a central part of the massacre's historical significance. [[Paul Revere]], the silversmith and patriot, produced an engraving depicting the scene on King Street that became one of the most reproduced and influential images in early American political history. Revere's engraving portrayed the British soldiers firing in an organized, deliberate volley at a helpless crowd — an interpretation that served the patriot cause but differed considerably from the chaotic reality of the night.<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Commonwealth Museum, a hidden gem \|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2016/10/13/the-commonwealth-museum-hidden-gem/ZNBj3VEkRIJRoPFn0j2QiJ/story.html \|work=The Boston Globe \|access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref> The image was based in significant part on an earlier engraving by Henry Pelham, though Revere brought it to market first and his version achieved far wider circulation. Revere's original copper plate, upon which he engraved this iconic image, survives to this day and is preserved in the collections of the [[Commonwealth Museum]] in Boston. The plate stands as a direct physical connection to the propaganda effort that helped unite colonial opinion against British rule.		The speed and skill with which Boston's patriot leaders transformed the killings into a powerful piece of political propaganda is a central part of the massacre's historical significance. [[Paul Revere]], the silversmith and patriot, produced an engraving depicting the scene on King Street that became one of the most reproduced and influential images in early American political history. Revere's engraving portrayed the British soldiers firing in an organized, deliberate volley at a helpless crowd — an interpretation that served the patriot cause but differed considerably from the chaotic reality of the night.<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Commonwealth Museum, a hidden gem \|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2016/10/13/the-commonwealth-museum-hidden-gem/ZNBj3VEkRIJRoPFn0j2QiJ/story.html \|work=The Boston Globe \|access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref> The image was based in significant part on an earlier engraving by Henry Pelham, though Revere brought it to market first and his version achieved far wider circulation. Revere's original copper plate, upon which he engraved this iconic image, survives to this day and is preserved in the collections of the [[Commonwealth Museum]] in Boston. The plate stands as a direct physical connection to the propaganda effort that helped unite colonial opinion against British rule.

	Historians have described Revere's engraving as a defining ~~"viral"~~ moment of its era — an image that moved through colonial pamphlets and broadsides with a reach and emotional force that shaped public understanding of the killings far beyond what the facts alone might have produced.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Boston Massacre: The 1770 "Viral" Moment That Lit the Fuse for the American Revolution \|url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/today-in-history/boston-massacre-march-5-1770-significance.html \|work=War History Online \|access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> Revere's image circulated widely through pamphlets and broadsides, shaping how colonists from Massachusetts to Georgia understood the killings on King Street. Its emotional directness has ensured its place at the center of how Americans have visualized the origins of their independence.		Historians have described Revere's engraving as a defining moment of its era — an image that moved through colonial pamphlets and broadsides with a reach and emotional force that shaped public understanding of the killings far beyond what the facts alone might have produced.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Boston Massacre: The 1770 "Viral" Moment That Lit the Fuse for the American Revolution \|url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/today-in-history/boston-massacre-march-5-1770-significance.html \|work=War History Online \|access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> Revere's image circulated widely through pamphlets and broadsides, shaping how colonists from Massachusetts to Georgia understood the killings on King Street. Its emotional directness has ensured its place at the center of how Americans have visualized the origins of their independence.

	The event was swiftly labeled a "massacre" by patriot leaders and writers, a characterization that effectively framed a street confrontation as a deliberate act of military aggression. [[Samuel Adams]], the prominent Boston patriot and organizer, was among those who worked to disseminate news of the killings and ensure that the most politically useful interpretation reached the broadest possible audience. Adams helped compile a pamphlet of witness depositions titled ''A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre in Boston'', which was distributed throughout the colonies and sent to Britain before the Crown could prepare its own account. Memorial orations were held annually on March 5 in the years that followed, keeping the memory of the event alive and reinforcing its emotional and political power.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Boston Massacre \| History, Facts, Site, Deaths, & Trial \|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Boston-Massacre \|work=Britannica \|access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref> After American independence was secured, these observances eventually gave way to July 4 celebrations, but for more than a decade the anniversary of the massacre served as the colonies' primary occasion for public reflection on liberty and resistance.		The event was swiftly labeled a "massacre" by patriot leaders and writers, a characterization that effectively framed a street confrontation as a deliberate act of military aggression. [[Samuel Adams]], the prominent Boston patriot and organizer, was among those who worked to disseminate news of the killings and ensure that the most politically useful interpretation reached the broadest possible audience. Adams helped compile a pamphlet of witness depositions titled ''A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre in Boston'', which was distributed throughout the colonies and sent to Britain before the Crown could prepare its own account. Memorial orations were held annually on March 5 in the years that followed, keeping the memory of the event alive and reinforcing its emotional and political power.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Boston Massacre \| History, Facts, Site, Deaths, & Trial \|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Boston-Massacre \|work=Britannica \|access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref> After American independence was secured, these observances eventually gave way to July 4 celebrations, but for more than a decade the anniversary of the massacre served as the colonies' primary occasion for public reflection on liberty and resistance.
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	The Boston Massacre has inspired artistic representations across centuries, reflecting the event's enduring place in American cultural memory. Don Troiani, a painter celebrated for his historically detailed depictions of American military history, produced a major work titled ''The Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770'', which captures the chaotic scene on King Street with careful attention to the uniforms, weapons, and setting of the period.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Breaking Down Don Troiani's "The Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770" \|url=https://www.amrevmuseum.org/breaking-down-don-troiani-s-the-boston-massacre-march-5-1770-painting \|work=Museum of the American Revolution \|access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref> The [[Museum of the American Revolution]] has examined this painting in detail, analyzing how Troiani reconstructed the events based on historical sources and visual evidence, providing modern viewers with a vivid and informed rendering of a pivotal night.		The Boston Massacre has inspired artistic representations across centuries, reflecting the event's enduring place in American cultural memory. Don Troiani, a painter celebrated for his historically detailed depictions of American military history, produced a major work titled ''The Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770'', which captures the chaotic scene on King Street with careful attention to the uniforms, weapons, and setting of the period.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Breaking Down Don Troiani's "The Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770" \|url=https://www.amrevmuseum.org/breaking-down-don-troiani-s-the-boston-massacre-march-5-1770-painting \|work=Museum of the American Revolution \|access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref> The [[Museum of the American Revolution]] has examined this painting in detail, analyzing how Troiani reconstructed the events based on historical sources and visual evidence, providing modern viewers with a vivid and informed rendering of a pivotal night.

	The event has also been commemorated through photo-gravure reproductions of period engravings, including a notable version printed using the Ringler process that reproduced the original imagery of the massacre for a wider audience in later centuries.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Books and Men \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1902/01/18/archives/books-and-men.html \|work=The New York Times \|access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref> Such reproductions helped sustain the visual iconography of the massacre well beyond the revolutionary era, embedding it in American historical consciousness.		The event has also been commemorated through photo-gravure reproductions

	~~Paul Revere's original engr~~